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Total number of comments: 1542 (since 2013-04-13 18:28:29)

Juan Cole

is the founder and chief editor of Informed Comment. He is Richard P. Mitchell Professor of History at the University of Michigan He is author of, among many other books, Muhammad: Prophet of Peace amid the Clash of Empires and The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Follow him on Twitter at @jricole or the Informed Comment Facebook Page

Website: http://juancole.com

Showing comments 400 - 301
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  • Kerry may Nix Keystone XL for Global Climate Agreement
    • Juan Cole 01/08/2014 at 12:17 am

      Immediate political developments probably don't matter much. The world has 8 years to make big changes, and its elites have chosen not to, and there's no mass movement to force it on them. We're screwed. Large land mammals have a high extinction rate.

  • Recognizing Israel as a Jewish State is like saying the US is a White State
    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 9:45 pm

      The US government has no position on metaphysics. The Vatican is recognized as a mini-state, not the Vicar of Christ

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 6:26 pm

      Lord Curzon and others involved in the League of Nations negotiations on the Palestine Mandate repeatedly say in their letters that they understand that a "Jewish National Home" did not imply a Jewish state nor did it imply that the rights of the indigenous Palestinians would be injured. The French and the Italians were extremely uncomfortable with the British position. To cite the British imperial mandate in favor of Mr. Netanyahu's current push is to do violence to history.

      The Arab League offered to recognize Israel within 1967 borders in 2002 and has since renewed the offer.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 3:21 pm with 1 replies

      "Juan" has lots of problems with them. In fact "Juan" lobbied Egypt after the revolution to separate religion and state. But anyway the question is whether the US State Department and the Foreign Ministry of Palestine are obligated to recognize such religious republics as such, and to make a normative statement that they should be Jewish or Islamic Republics. Not only do they not, but the secular principles of both forbid them to.

      Moreover, since the Netanyahu government is anti-Orthodox, it is a little unlikely that he is asking for recognition of Israel as a Judaic State, i.e. a religious one analogous to Iran. If what he is asking is for a recognition of an ethnic state, that is racist and abhorrent.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 3:16 pm

      Obama is the first president to use that diction. But, that's their name as per their constitution. If the Knesset changes the name to "The Jewish Republic of Israel," we'll refer to them that way. But calling them that and formally recognizing that they are a religious Republic in the sense of saying that is a good thing and it *should* be so are two different things. The latter would be prohibited by the first amendment of the constitution. Netanyahu isn't asking for a statement of fact but a normative commitment. We can't even be sure Israel will always have a Jewish majority, and even a non-Jewish plurality would rather tell against the language he wants.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 1:15 pm

      The State Department doesn't issue a certificate of approval for those situations, which is what Netanyahu is demanding for his own Talibanism.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 1:13 pm

      Nope. Netanyahu's government includes the anti-religious Yisrael Beitenu and by allying with Lapid he was able to exclude the Orthodox parties from power. It is the most secular Israeli government for a long time. Netanyahu is very unlikely to be demanding recognition of a theocracy. But then it means it is racial for him.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 1:11 pm with 5 replies

      I think the first amendment of our constitution would forestall any such formal recognition. We don't approve of the establishment of religions.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 1:07 pm with 2 replies

      We Americans don't approve of states calling themselves "Islamic," either and if they came to us and said "you must recognize that we are an Islamic state," our constitution would forestall it.

      Nor is it clear that Netanyahu's demand is framed with regard to religion.

  • Obama Era a new Gilded Age, with Rich Getting Richer, Poor Poorer
    • Juan Cole 01/07/2014 at 2:07 am

      The difference is in the tax rates on unearned income, which are very low, and which are typically lacking in the portfolios of the bottom quintiles.

      As for doing better, the top 1% took home 10% of the national income in 1970, and it is 20% now, so they are clearly doing twice as well whereas the average wage of the average worker has been flat in real terms since 1970.

  • Europe Abandoning Hydrocarbons: Closing 30% of Gas, Coal Plants in Favor of Green Energy
    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 8:08 pm with 1 replies

      Solar works just fine in Ann Arbor, though obviously better in the non-deep winter. Strasburg should have loads of wind and if it does not, nearby Switzerland does. It is a matter of laying wires, as Portugal and Germany showed.

      Nuclear plants generate tons of toxic waste that cannot be disposed of safely.

    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 7:51 pm with 2 replies

      you're leaving out the massive increase of offshore wind. fossils are going down, dude

  • John McCain and Lindsey Graham Want to invade Falluja Yet Again
    • Juan Cole 01/07/2014 at 2:21 am

      Nope, it is pretty much the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that has taken over Fallujah. Other Sunnis are dismayed.

    • Juan Cole 01/06/2014 at 12:09 am with 2 replies

      We would have to disregard international law and the Russian and Chinese veto at the UN to deploy force. NATO & even the British parliament is also against it.

    • Juan Cole 01/05/2014 at 4:26 pm

      Bringing up the Nazis is usually bad form because they are brought in as an irrelevant or extreme case, but when discussing the utility of war in the past 100 years one can hardly omit them.

    • Juan Cole 01/05/2014 at 1:00 pm with 10 replies

      Well it did answer Nazism.

  • Bringing medieval Persian verse to the West: Dick Davis Interview
    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 9:30 pm

      link to amazon.com

    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 12:44 am

      There is a whole pantheon of similar quality. Poetically, Hafez perhaps the giant among them all.

  • Iraq's Sunni Civil War
    • Juan Cole 01/05/2014 at 4:25 pm

      the US never wanted al-Maliki, he came to power with a Shiite coalition backed by Iran. He represents the 60% Shiite majority of the country and was more acceptable to the 20% that is Kurdish than the other candidates in 2010. The US likely is hoping that Ayad Allawi will come to power, who is anti-Iran, and who, although he is from a Shiite family, heads the largely Sunni al-Iraqiya Party.

    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 11:55 am with 2 replies

      al-Maliki was elected through popular sovereignty

  • Australia burns, swelters in Hottest Year on Record (Climate Instability Story of the Day)
    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 11:56 am with 1 replies

      thanks for the Informed Comment. Would love to visit Perth sometime.

    • Juan Cole 01/03/2014 at 1:51 pm

      thanks!

  • GOP isn't Getting more Ignorant on Evolution, it is Just getting Older
    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 3:58 pm

      I think the Christian population of South Korea is exaggerated. A majority of South Koreans does not belong to an organized religious community. About a fifth are Buddhists and another fifth or so are Christians. link to sacred-destinations.com. Not all of the Christians are fundamentalists or would necessarily reject evolution.

    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 11:57 am with 1 replies

      excellent points!

    • Juan Cole 01/04/2014 at 11:54 am with 3 replies

      If you've ever seen Lucy's skeleton, you know human beings have rather changed since they arose (we are not talking about homo sapiens sapiens here, which may only be 130,000 years old).

  • The Fall of the New Year Throne (Cole Serialized Novel)
    • Juan Cole 07/11/2014 at 1:16 am

      Music to any author's ears! Let me know.

      cheers Juan

  • Syria: 73,000 were Killed in 2013 Carnage as Refugees Brace for Winter
    • Juan Cole 01/03/2014 at 12:16 pm

      Send me an 800 word essay by email

    • Juan Cole 01/02/2014 at 11:48 am with 2 replies

      would you like to do this as a guest op-ed, Michael?

  • Solar Ascendancy: Minnesota Court Ruling for Solar over Gas a Harbinger of Things to Come
    • Juan Cole 01/02/2014 at 1:55 pm with 1 replies

      Current photovoltaic cells use rare earth metals. However, the likelihood is that new and simpler technologies will soon be implemented. The speed of research and development in this field is mind-boggling.

  • Turkey's Secretive Gulen Movement Challenges its Prime Minister as Religious Right Splits
    • Juan Cole 01/03/2014 at 12:15 pm with 1 replies

      Oh, don't troll my site with bs like that. There were massive crackdowns by Kamalists as with after the 1980 coup. The whole left was destroyed including most effective labor unions. Leaving us with effete bourgeois apologists for an intolerant militant secularism.

  • Tagore's "The New Year" (Poem of the Day)
    • Juan Cole 01/01/2014 at 11:27 pm

      A whole book of Khayyam's Rubaiyat is in preparation.

  • America's Foreign Policy Challenges in the Middle East, 2014
    • Juan Cole 01/01/2014 at 11:26 pm

      Search "Obama and Afghanistan" or "Petraeus and Afghanistan" in the blog search window.

  • Increasingly, all Roads run through Iran (Damascus, Baghdad, Asia)
    • Juan Cole 12/29/2013 at 11:43 pm

      I lived in Pakistan in the 1980s. Everyone, including US consular officials, knew it was building a nuclear weapon. Reagan asked them not to assemble it.

  • US Arms Shiite Iraqi Gov't to Kill Sunni Rebels, Arms Syrian Sunni Rebels to overthrow Shiite Gov't
    • Juan Cole 12/28/2013 at 12:09 am

      Sect is an English equivalent of "firqah." Calling them al-firqah al-`Alawiyyah would be common in Arabic. There is even a hadith that the Muslim community will become 72 sects.

      What word would you use?

    • Juan Cole 12/27/2013 at 7:31 pm with 5 replies

      Obama admin has admitted providing covert aid to rebels

  • Egyptian Junta designates Muslim Brotherhood as "Terrorist Organization" in Attempt to Crush Dissent
    • Juan Cole 12/26/2013 at 2:45 pm

      Liberals = Elbaradei, Amr Moussa, Wafd

  • Climate Denialists Spending Billions in untraceable Dark Money to fool the Public
    • Juan Cole 12/25/2013 at 12:30 am

      Yeah, I don't think the amounts of money being spent are the scandal. The scandal is that rich people are anonymously spreading their money around to mislead people on a global emergency that will kill millions. The rich people deploying dark money to disseminate lies are doing so to protect their hydrocarbon assets. It is genocidally evil.

  • Chief Rabbi of Yazd, Iran, 1903 (Photo of the Day)
    • Juan Cole 12/24/2013 at 1:38 pm with 1 replies

      Thanks for posting this informed comment!

  • War Crime: Syrian Regime Killed Hundreds of Civilians, including Children, with Airstrikes on Aleppo
    • Juan Cole 12/23/2013 at 2:04 am

      Rearrangements of national borders have been rare in modern history. Where they have occurred, as with South Sudan, they haven't necessarily led to peace. There is no economic base for the three states you suggest, and except for the Kurdish regions, populations are spread around. Likely it stays together, as Algeria did.

  • The End of the Turkish Model? Erdogan's Paranoia and Authoritarian Streak Threaten his Legacy
    • Juan Cole 12/24/2013 at 12:39 am

      Yeah, and those sidewalk cafes off Istiklal where people drink beer sitting outside can't serve it. It is only inside.

  • NSA bribed Encryption Companies to Install Back Doors: Was the Law Broken? Did Obama Know?
    • Juan Cole 12/22/2013 at 8:18 pm with 2 replies

      RT is uneven, which means some of its reports are solid and some aren't. I embed the ones I think are solid. If you like the blog you have to trust my judgment.

      The NYT sold us aluminum tubes and Iraq nuclear centrifuges, helping get us into the Iraq War on false pretenses, but we still cite it.

  • Scotland is going 100% Green by 2020; shame on Dirty America
    • Juan Cole 12/21/2013 at 3:23 am

      The North Sea oil is not that important to Scotland. And once they go green and get EVs it will be worthless to them. Read up on it.

    • Juan Cole 12/21/2013 at 3:22 am with 2 replies

      Because ignorant and venal people dominate their state legislature.

    • Juan Cole 12/21/2013 at 3:21 am

      You are so wrong, Julian. First of all, Scotland has the hydro and nuclear for baseload power. And often the winds are stronger at night so solar and wind can switch off. And there is the promise of wave energy as well. Since Scotland has gone from 23% renewables to 40 percent in only 3 years, the feasibility is not in doubt. Read up on the subject before you weigh in.

  • India Flap derives from America's Gulag Practices and Far-Right Supreme Court
    • Juan Cole 12/19/2013 at 6:39 pm

      An al-Qaeda affiliate shot up the Indian parliament in 2002. The police are capable enough, but you never really are prepared for an operation like that. Blast walls highly desirable.

    • Juan Cole 12/19/2013 at 5:35 pm with 2 replies

      It isn't the fault of the police. They have to follow standard procedure for everyone because NYC mandates that. It is the fault of the mayor who has everyone strip searched who is arrested.

  • The Sixth Mass Extinction: Why Climate Scientists' Hair is on Fire
    • Juan Cole 12/20/2013 at 4:09 am with 2 replies

      Move into the city, use public transport to get to work, sell your car.

    • Juan Cole 12/19/2013 at 6:52 pm with 2 replies

      Posted for Tom Giesen:

      Hi

      I read Jamail's article last evening and welcomed a look at the dark side of warming.

      However, I became somewhat of a skeptic overnight and looked into his information this morning. I selected 4 items and found all four to be inaccurate or inappropriate.

      I thought you might be interested in my findings below.
      Tom

      Item 1

      “3.5 degrees C by 2035” – that is an erroneous reading of the material by IEA in the 2013 IEA World Energy Outlook

      Here is the IEA language":

      “In our central scenario, taking into account the impact of measures already announced by governments to improve energy efficiency, support renewables, reduce fossil-fuel subsidies and, in some cases, to put a price on carbon, energy-related CO2 emissions still rise by 20% to 2035. This leaves the world on a trajectory consistent with a long-term average temperature increase of 3.6 °C, far above the internationally agreed 2 °C target.”

      The rise is not by 2035 but instead is a “…long term average temperature increase”

      Item 2:

      “Causing five million deaths a year” Based on 100,000,000 possible deaths by 2030. Probable over time does not justify “causing” in present tense. Not a study – just a website speculation.

      Item 3:

      “Fifty-five million years ago, a five degree Celsius rise in average global temperatures seems to have occurred in just 13 years, according to a study published in the October 2013 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.”

      This is a gross, inaccurate simplification of Wright and Schaller’s very complex research reported in 2013 PNAS. They reported a near instantaneous emission of 3,000 gigatons of carbon (GtC). That is not an analogue to today. The reference to the study is to a news article, not Wright and Schaller’s paper.

      Item 4:

      “A study published in the prestigious journal Nature this July suggested that a 50-gigaton “burp” of methane from thawing Arctic permafrost beneath the East Siberian sea is “highly possible at anytime.””

      The study in question has been criticized as inappropriate for a number of reasons, not least of which is that a “50 gigaton 'burp'” has no precedent in that setting. See Nisbet et al. 2013. Nature 499 401-3.

      This critique is not a reflection on your work, on which I rely.

      Tom

    • Juan Cole 12/19/2013 at 12:09 am with 1 replies

      I'd say picketing and trying to close down all the coal plants would be a good first step.

  • Top Ten Ominous Signs about Last Month being the Hottest November on Record
    • Juan Cole 12/18/2013 at 12:21 pm with 1 replies

      Western Europe was cooler than the global average in November

  • How Peter O'Toole Saved the Arabs (According to David Lean)
    • Juan Cole 12/17/2013 at 1:14 pm

      1911?

    • Juan Cole 12/16/2013 at 11:23 am with 1 replies

      Sykes-Picot was not known to the Arabs until Lenin revealed it after the October 1917 revolution. Even the the British denied it to them.

  • The 1% is Hogging so much of our Income that it's Holding the Economy Back
    • Juan Cole 12/15/2013 at 5:31 pm with 1 replies

      Germans have short elections and restrictions on advertising and campaign finance, so their politicians haven't been bought out by the rich and ordered to radically change the tax structure. In other words, the US is just far more corrupt.

    • Juan Cole 12/15/2013 at 5:29 pm

      You are delusional. Upward mobility is now greater in Europe than in the United States and reduced tax rates on the rich are producing a wealthy aristocracy that goes easily across generations. Your points were more true in the 1950s. Even then, minorities were largely exempted from those processes.

    • Juan Cole 12/15/2013 at 5:27 pm

      the Reddit community is awesome!

  • The Enigma of Israel and Solar Energy
    • Juan Cole 12/15/2013 at 1:28 pm

      Uh, the energy comes from the sun. Duh.

  • Dear Pres. Obama: Dissent isn't Possible in a Surveillance State
    • Juan Cole 12/11/2013 at 6:04 pm with 4 replies

      that's not fair!

  • After Mandela: Can Massacred South African Mine Workers get Justice?
    • Juan Cole 12/10/2013 at 11:42 am

      EP Thompson says there is a difference between being a worker and having a working class consciousness.

  • United States, Israel opposed Mandela, supported Apartheid
    • Juan Cole 12/07/2013 at 12:35 am with 2 replies

      Oh don't be silly. I was talking about US government policy and said so.

      As for supporters of Mandela in the general population, I suspect they were a small minority then.

  • Souad Nawfal forced to flee after jihadist threats
    • Juan Cole 12/04/2013 at 10:37 pm

      Which article(s)?

      cheers Juan

  • Almost Human: How Robots, Race and Neoliberalism killed Detroit and what it Means for You
    • Juan Cole 12/05/2013 at 2:27 am

      Also, the Ottomans failed to industrialize, whereas the Americans allowed politicians and corporations to ship their industries abroad.

    • Juan Cole 12/04/2013 at 7:18 pm

      Thanks, Mark. But professional historians don't hang so much on the riots.

  • The Public Professor: Dissent in Commodified Higher Education
    • Juan Cole 12/04/2013 at 1:46 am

      So far, at least, I am not aware of donors being able to influence directly the hiring of professors to positions they endow. Obviously, you don't want to anger them and so there may be self-censorship. But most universities try to get the money in the bank before hiring so as to preserve integrity.

      On the other hand, in a general way donors can threaten to give no more if so-and-so is hired, and so could influence the higher administration. You don't want to give outsiders a veto over academic appointments just because they were good at making money.

  • Top 10 Ways the US is the Most Corrupt Country in the World
    • Juan Cole 12/03/2013 at 12:36 pm

      it was a temporary blip

    • Juan Cole 12/03/2013 at 11:57 am

      And if you were dealing with Wall Street in summer of 2007, you'd be very, very likely to be ripped off.

  • Dr. Strangelove in Afghanistan: an Advice Column for the Praetorian Surveillance State
    • Juan Cole 12/03/2013 at 12:47 pm

      temporary glitch

  • Thank You for Your Support
    • Juan Cole 12/15/2017 at 11:22 am

      thanks so much, Philip!

    • Juan Cole 11/26/2017 at 5:18 pm

      Many thanks for the warm sentiments, David!

    • Juan Cole 07/09/2017 at 2:04 pm

      Many thanks for the kind words, Gary! It is great to hear from you.

    • Juan Cole 05/05/2017 at 10:51 am

      Many many thanks!

    • Juan Cole 04/24/2017 at 5:44 pm

      Can't thank you enough, AJ! Excelsior!

    • Juan Cole 01/27/2017 at 10:50 pm

      many thanks!

    • Juan Cole 01/02/2016 at 2:54 am

      thanks so much, Rob. Best wishes for the New Year!

    • Juan Cole 02/06/2015 at 12:59 pm

      thanks a million, Andrew!

    • Juan Cole 01/22/2015 at 6:06 pm

      Many many thanks, Bob!

    • Juan Cole 01/12/2015 at 8:36 pm

      thanks a million!

    • Juan Cole 12/04/2014 at 4:47 pm

      Many thanks!

    • Juan Cole 12/04/2014 at 4:40 pm

      Much appreciated, Pam!

    • Juan Cole 12/04/2014 at 4:39 pm

      thanks a million, Timothy!

    • Juan Cole 12/02/2014 at 12:27 pm

      Much appreciated, Charles!

    • Juan Cole 12/27/2013 at 7:28 pm

      Jim, nothing keeps me going like kind words from esteemed colleagues! thanks! & Happy New Year

    • Juan Cole 12/02/2013 at 1:28 am with 1 replies

      Hi, Trevor; thanks so much!

  • Israel to Ethnically Cleanse 70,000 Palestinians in Massive Negev Land Grab
    • Juan Cole 12/03/2013 at 12:47 pm

      try now. tech team inadvertently triggered that while improving the site.

  • Annual Informed Comment Fundraiser
    • Juan Cole 12/02/2013 at 3:12 pm

      Hi, Bill. You can see the weblog format at juancole.com/weblog

    • Juan Cole 12/01/2013 at 5:07 pm

      thanks Ron! Will let tech team know

  • Climate-Changing US Methane Emissions 2.7 Times Higher than Estimates (Chamberlain)
    • Juan Cole 11/30/2013 at 12:11 pm

      The factor of 5 was mentioned somewhere in an article I used for my research but pertained to a particular area. I'll try to look it back up. The oil and gas producing areas generally were up by a factor of 2.7. The 1.7 is a nationwide estimate including areas that don't produce methane.

  • Resources
    • Juan Cole 01/03/2017 at 4:26 pm

      There's an unsubscribe link at the bottom of the newsletter.

    • Juan Cole 12/30/2013 at 5:12 pm

      If you subscribed through Feedburner you'd have to take care of it there.

      cheers Juan

  • Egypt's Counter-Revolution: 21 Women and Girls Harshly Sentenced, Liberal Bloggers to be Arrested
    • Juan Cole 11/29/2013 at 12:03 am with 1 replies

      The Brotherhood killed plenty of protesters, including Jika and several by goons last December 6

    • Juan Cole 11/29/2013 at 12:00 am with 1 replies

      Alaa and Ahmad never supported the coup, though they did ask for a recall election

  • NSA monitored visits of "Radicalizers" to Chat Rooms, Skin Sites to Discredit Them
    • Juan Cole 11/27/2013 at 3:12 pm

      I was talking about US law. We can argue about whether the US government has an obligation to uphold constitutional ideals in dealings with non-citizens (I think it does). But that US citizens enjoy those rights is not controversial in US courts.

    • Juan Cole 11/27/2013 at 12:41 pm with 3 replies

      Generally we American citizens like our government to be bound by our American Constitution. This is warrantless and intrusive surveillance of and dirty tricks on people who haven't been charged with a crime much less convicted of one.

  • The Middle East warmly welcomes Iran Deal, sees it as Step toward Denuclearizing Israel
    • Juan Cole 11/27/2013 at 1:52 am with 1 replies

      Brazil and Argentina also mothballed nuclear programs.

  • Does the Road to Mideast Peace Run through Tehran?
    • Juan Cole 11/26/2013 at 1:03 am with 1 replies

      Substantial elements of the Iranian elite are very embarrassed by the actions of the Baath Party, including using military weapons on peaceful protesters and deploying chemical weapons (from which Iran suffered mightily in the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s). Iran would like to be popular in places like Jordan and Egypt the way it was in 2006, which al-Assad is making impossible. I suspect Iranian relations with contemporary Syria are fraught and complex.

    • Juan Cole 11/25/2013 at 1:53 pm with 2 replies

      Israeli Neoliberalism is hurting workers and young people, and there are real estate and finance bubbles. The edifice of the Right could come down any time.

  • US-Iran War Averted by Agreement to Negotiate on Nuclear Enrichment
    • Juan Cole 11/25/2013 at 12:42 am with 1 replies

      President Rouhani seems to have been affected by the unrest in 2009 and is aware that Iran needs healing, including a more inclusive government. He seems to want to amnesty the Green Movement and at least slightly to expand individual rights. Rouhani will be in a better position to accomplish these things if he has a foreign policy success to trumpet, insulating him from the hard liners. So, at the margins at least, yes, I expect the agreement to have downstream positive effects domestically.

    • Juan Cole 11/25/2013 at 12:38 am

      Actually Simon, the question is why when it comes to Israel people have an immediate derangement syndrome that prevents them from reading. I'm not sure my post attributed anything at all to "Israel" as agent. It was about the US Neoconservatives and about the leader of the Likud Party. As for the current far right wing Israeli government not wanting to see Iran's nuclear facilities bombed, surely you jest.

      link to thinkprogress.org

  • Tim Berners-Lee Warns "Tide of Surveillance and Censorship" threatens Democracy
    • Juan Cole 11/23/2013 at 2:32 pm with 2 replies

      Al Gore did support Darpanet, which led to it, Bill. You're usually more savvy than to fall for that kind of sarcasm meme.

  • Does Syria Stalemate Benefit Baath Regime?
    • Juan Cole 11/22/2013 at 2:35 pm with 1 replies

      Very happy to have your reaction, Sherifa! Now that's an informed comment.

    • Juan Cole 11/22/2013 at 11:22 am

      They were mixed Sunni & Shiite, traumatized, and not a factor. Many have been forced back to Iraq. Numbers were exaggerated - at height 600,000

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